Journal: Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Preventive Effect of Probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides H40 Against Cognitive Disorder by Anti-Inflammatory, Synaptic Plasticity Regulation, and Antioxidant Effects.

doi: 10.3390/antiox14050565

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. Effects of probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides H40 on BDNF and CREP production. Gene expression of (A) BDNF and (B) CREB using rt-PCR. (C) BDNF/β-actin ratio and (D) p-CREB/CREB ratio using western blotting. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error. Different letters on the error bars indicate significant differences (n = 5, p < 0.05). NC, normal control without scopolamine; PC, positive control with scopolamine; DO, PC with 2 mg/kg donepezil; H40-7, PC with 1 × 107 CFU/mice·day H40; H40-8, PC with 1 × 108 CFU/mice·day H40; H40-9, PC with 1 × 109 CFU/mice·day H40. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the NC group. # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 compared with the PC group.

Article Snippet: The nitrocellulose membranes were washed with distilled water and blocked with blocking buffer for 2 h. The membranes were then incubated for 12 h at 4 ◦C with antibodies specific to BDNF and CREB (Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Control, Positive Control

Journal: International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group

Article Title: Hyperthermia promotes exosome secretion by regulating Rab7b while increasing drug sensitivity in adriamycin-resistant breast cancer.

doi: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2029585

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. The validation experiment of hub genes. (A) The differences in gene expression of 10 hub genes were validated with RT-qPCR. (B) Western blot analysis of FOS, CREB5, MAPK8 and NFKB1 protein level. (C) The efficiency of siRNA to knockdown the expression of FOS and CREB5. (D) Cell proliferation in the si-FOS and si-CREB5 group was faster compared with that in the control group, using the CCK-8 assay. (E). Half-inhibition rate of adriamycin in MCF-7/ADR cells treated with si-FOS and si-CREB5. (F) Different expression of FOS and CERB5 between invasive breast cancer and normal breast tissue by TCGA database. Error bars represented the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments, p < .05, p < .01, p < .001.

Article Snippet: The membrane was then probed with primary antibodies at 4 C overnight and with species-specific secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. The primary antibodies, including FOS antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 66590-1-Ig), NF-jB antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 14220-1-AP), MAPK8 antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 66210-1-Ig), CREB5 antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 14196-1-AP), GAPDH antibody (1:5000, Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig), CD9 antibody (1:1000, Abcam, ab223052), CD63 antibody (1:1000, Abcam, ab68418), TSG101 Figure 1.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Knockdown, Expressing, Control, CCK-8 Assay, Inhibition

Journal: International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group

Article Title: Hyperthermia promotes exosome secretion by regulating Rab7b while increasing drug sensitivity in adriamycin-resistant breast cancer.

doi: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2029585

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. Hyperthermia promotes the secretion of exosome in MCF-7/ADR cells. (A) The expression level of FOS and CREB5 in MCF-7/ADR exosomes after hyper- thermia. (B) Half-inhibition rate of adriamycin in MCF-7/ADR cells incubated with the exosomes which produced by MCF-7/ADR cells after hyperthermia. (C) The expression level of FOS and CREB5 in MCF-7/ADR after incubated with hyperthermia ADR/exo. (D) Particles concentration of exosomes derived from breast cancer cells analyzed by NTA. (E) Total protein amounts of exosomes derived from breast cancer cells analyzed by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein kit. (F) Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of cells before or 6 h after hyperthermia. Intense extracellular vesicle shedding occurred 6 h after hyperthermia. Scale bar ¼1 lm. (G) Confocal microscope analysis of exosome uptake by MCF-7/ADR cells with or without hyperthermia treatment. Scale bar ¼20 lm. Error bars represent the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments, p < .05, p < .01, p < .001.

Article Snippet: The membrane was then probed with primary antibodies at 4 C overnight and with species-specific secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. The primary antibodies, including FOS antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 66590-1-Ig), NF-jB antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 14220-1-AP), MAPK8 antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 66210-1-Ig), CREB5 antibody (1:1000, Proteintech, 14196-1-AP), GAPDH antibody (1:5000, Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig), CD9 antibody (1:1000, Abcam, ab223052), CD63 antibody (1:1000, Abcam, ab68418), TSG101 Figure 1.

Techniques: Expressing, Inhibition, Incubation, Produced, Concentration Assay, Derivative Assay, Transmission Assay, Microscopy

Journal: Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease

Article Title: Involvement of kisspeptin in androgen-induced hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and its rescuing effect in PCOS rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166242

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. DHT suppresses kiss1 expression and promotes unfolded protein response (UPR) in DHT-induced PCOS rats. (a) Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis of kiss1 in the hypothalamus of DHT-induced PCOS (PCOS_DHT) and control (ctrl) rats after DHT exposure for 1 or 3 weeks. n = 9. ***P < 0.001, t-test. (b) Immunofluorescence labeling for kiss1 (green) in the hypothalamus of PCOS_DHT and ctrl rats after DHT exposure for 3 weeks. DAPI (Blue) was used for nuclear label. Scale bar, 20 μm. (c) qPCR of UPR pathway factors (ATF4, BIP, CHOP, PDI) in DHT and ctrl rats DHT exposure for 3 weeks. n = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, t-test. (d-e) Western blots for (d) and qPCR analysis of (e) kiss1 and PDI in DHT and ctrl rats after DHT exposure for 9 weeks. n = 3–6. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, t-test. qPCR data are relative mRNA levels normalized with that of GAPDH for kiss1(a) and PDI (e) or β-actin for other genes of interest (c and e). β-actin was used as a loading control for all western blots.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used are: IRE1a (1:500, catalog 3294, Cell Signaling Technology [CST], USA), Perk (1:500, catalog 5683, CST), BIP (1:500, catalog 3177, CST), PDI (1:500, catalog 3501,CST), Phospho-eIF2α (1:500, catalog 9721, CST), eIF2α (1:500, catalog 9722, CST), Bax (1:500, catalog 2772, CST), ATF6 (1:500, catalog 15,794–1-AP, ProteinTech, USA), ATF4 (1:500, catalog 10,835–1-AP, ProteinTech), KISS1 (1:500, catalog H-048-46PA5-106920, Thermo Fisher, USA), β-actin (1:5000, catalog A8481, Sigma-Aldrich), Xbp1 (1:500, catalog ab37152, Abcam, USA), Phospho-IRS (1:500, catalog 3203, CST), PI3K (1:500 catalog 4249, CST), Phospho-GSK-3β (1:500,catalog 5558,CST)GSK-3β (1:500, catalog 9315, CST) and GAPDH (1:5000, catalog sc-47,724, Santa Cruz, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control, Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Western Blot

Journal: Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease

Article Title: Involvement of kisspeptin in androgen-induced hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and its rescuing effect in PCOS rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166242

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Kisspeptin mediates DHT's effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in GT1–7 cells. (a) qPCR of kiss1 and UPR pathway factors (BIP, PDI, CHOP, ATF4, GADD34 and Xbp1s) in GT1–9 cells treated with DHT (10 nM), kp234 (a kiss1 inhibitor, 1 nM) or DMSO as the control (Ctrl) for 24 h. n = 3. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, t-test. (b-c) qPCR analysis of Kiss1, BIP, PDI, CHOP, ATF4, GADD34 and Xbp1s (b) and western blots for ATF4 and Bax (c) in GT1–9 cells transfected with siRNAs against kiss1 (two designs, sikiss1_1 or sikiss1_2) or non-silencing control siRNAs (NC) for 24 h. n = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, t-test. qPCR data are relative mRNA levels normalized with that of GAPDH. GAPDH was used as a loading control for all western blots. Error bars are smaller than symbol size except where shown.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used are: IRE1a (1:500, catalog 3294, Cell Signaling Technology [CST], USA), Perk (1:500, catalog 5683, CST), BIP (1:500, catalog 3177, CST), PDI (1:500, catalog 3501,CST), Phospho-eIF2α (1:500, catalog 9721, CST), eIF2α (1:500, catalog 9722, CST), Bax (1:500, catalog 2772, CST), ATF6 (1:500, catalog 15,794–1-AP, ProteinTech, USA), ATF4 (1:500, catalog 10,835–1-AP, ProteinTech), KISS1 (1:500, catalog H-048-46PA5-106920, Thermo Fisher, USA), β-actin (1:5000, catalog A8481, Sigma-Aldrich), Xbp1 (1:500, catalog ab37152, Abcam, USA), Phospho-IRS (1:500, catalog 3203, CST), PI3K (1:500 catalog 4249, CST), Phospho-GSK-3β (1:500,catalog 5558,CST)GSK-3β (1:500, catalog 9315, CST) and GAPDH (1:5000, catalog sc-47,724, Santa Cruz, USA).

Techniques: Control, Western Blot, Transfection

Journal: Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease

Article Title: Involvement of kisspeptin in androgen-induced hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and its rescuing effect in PCOS rats.

doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166242

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Kisspeptin rescues DHT-induced ER stress in GT1–7 cells. (a-b) Western blots for ATF6, IRE1α, Perk, BIP p-eIF2α and eIF2α (a) and qPCR analysis of GADD34 and Xbp1s/Xbp1 (b) in GT1–7 cells 30 min after treatment with DHT (10 nM), Kp10 (a kiss1 peptide, 10 nM) or DMSO as control (ctrl). n = 3. ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, t-test. (c-d) Western blots (c) or qPCR analysis (d) for ATF4, CHOP, PDI and XBP1 in GT1–7 cells 24 h after treatment with DHT (10 nM), Kp10 (10 nM), or DMSO as Ctrl. n = 3. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, t-test. (e) qPCR analysis of ATF4, BIP, PDI and CHOP in GT1–7 cells after treatment with thapsigargin (TG, an ER stress inducer, 20 nM), Kp10 (10 nM) or vehicle control (Ctrl). n = 3. *** P < 0.001, t-test. GAPDH was used as a loading control for all western blots. Error bars are smaller than symbol size except where shown.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used are: IRE1a (1:500, catalog 3294, Cell Signaling Technology [CST], USA), Perk (1:500, catalog 5683, CST), BIP (1:500, catalog 3177, CST), PDI (1:500, catalog 3501,CST), Phospho-eIF2α (1:500, catalog 9721, CST), eIF2α (1:500, catalog 9722, CST), Bax (1:500, catalog 2772, CST), ATF6 (1:500, catalog 15,794–1-AP, ProteinTech, USA), ATF4 (1:500, catalog 10,835–1-AP, ProteinTech), KISS1 (1:500, catalog H-048-46PA5-106920, Thermo Fisher, USA), β-actin (1:5000, catalog A8481, Sigma-Aldrich), Xbp1 (1:500, catalog ab37152, Abcam, USA), Phospho-IRS (1:500, catalog 3203, CST), PI3K (1:500 catalog 4249, CST), Phospho-GSK-3β (1:500,catalog 5558,CST)GSK-3β (1:500, catalog 9315, CST) and GAPDH (1:5000, catalog sc-47,724, Santa Cruz, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Control

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: cAMP signaling induces CRTC2 nuclear translocation and condensate formation. a) Live‐cell imaging of ectopically expressed CRTC2‐eGFP, CREB‐eGFP, CREM‐eGFP, and ATF1‐eGFP in 293T cells without (DMSO) and with forskolin (FSK) treatment (upper). Quantification of condensates number per nucleus (lower). b) In vitro droplet formation assay with recombinant CRTC2‐IDR‐eGFP at different protein concentrations (left). Quantification of the size of droplets (right). c) Representative images of the in vitro FRAP experiment with recombinant CRTC2‐IDR‐eGFP (upper). Quantification of FRAP data for CRTC2‐IDR‐eGFP puncta (lower). d) In vitro droplet formation assay of recombinant eGFP fusion proteins fused with wild‐type (WT) CRTC2‐IDR or CRTC2‐IDR mutants (left). Quantification of the size of droplets (right). e) Live‐cell imaging of ectopically expressed CRTC2‐eGFP in 293T cells. Arrows indicate representative CRTC2 puncta that fused over time. The dotted line area indicates the nucleus. f) Representative images of the FRAP experiment with ectopically expressed CRTC2‐eGFP in 293T cells (upper). The dotted line area indicates the nucleus. Quantification of FRAP data for CRTC2‐eGFP puncta (lower). g) Live‐cell images of ectopically expressed WT CRTC2‐eGFP or CRTC2‐IDR‐R>A mutant (R>A‐eGFP) in 293T cells (left). Quantification of cells with eGFP foci and western blot analysis of CRTC2‐eGFP or CRTC2‐IDR‐R>A expression (right). h) Live‐cell snapshots of ectopically expressed mCherry‐CRY2 fusion proteins fused with WT CRTC2‐IDR (upper) or CRTC2‐IDR‐R>A mutant (lower) in 293T cells before and after blue light stimulation (left). Quantification of cells with mCherry foci before and after blue light stimulation (right). Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. **** p < 0.0001. n.s., not significant. Scale bar, 5 µm (a), 10 µm (b,d). All results are from more than three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Translocation Assay, Live Cell Imaging, In Vitro, Tube Formation Assay, Recombinant, Mutagenesis, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: P‐TEFb interacts with CRTC2 and enhances CRTC2‐dependent transcription. a) Immunofluorescence analysis of the co‐localization of CRTC2 and CycT1 in HeLa cells treated with DMSO or FSK (left). Line scans along the dotted lines in the images (right). b) Co‐IP assay examining the interaction between endogenous CRTC2 and P‐TEFb in 293T cells treated with DMSO or FSK for 1 h. c) Co‐IP assay examining the interactions between FLAG‐CDK9 and HA‐CRTC2 in 293T cells treated with the indicated concentration of FSK or H89. d) Co‐IP assay examining the interactions between FLAG‐CDK9 and HA‐CRTC2 in 293T cells ectopically expressing Myc‐SIK1. e) Co‐IP assay examining the interactions between FLAG‐CDK9 and HA‐CRTC2 (WT or S171/274A mutants) in 293T cells. f) Quantification of CRE‐luc luciferase activity in 293T cells transfected with the indicated amounts of FLAG‐CDK9 plasmids and treated with DMSO or FSK (10 µ m ) for 6 h. g) Quantification of CRE‐luc luciferase activity in 293T cells treated with flavopiridol (FP, 300 n m ) and FSK (10 µ m ) for 6 h. h) Quantification of CRE‐luc luciferase activity in HA‐CRTC2‐expressing 293T cells infected with lentivirus carrying sgRNA against CDK9 (sgCDK9) or GFP (sgControl) and treated with DMSO or FSK (10 µ m ) for 6 h. i) Quantification of CRE‐luc luciferase activity in FLAG‐CDK9‐expressing 293T cells infected with lentivirus carrying sgRNA against CRTC2 (sgCRTC2) or GFP (sgControl) and treated with DMSO or FSK (10 µ m ) for 6 h. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant. All results are from more than three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Concentration Assay, Expressing, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Transfection, Infection

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: CRTC2 extracts P‐TEFb from HEXIM1‐containing inhibitory complex. a) Live‐cell imaging of 293T cells co‐expressing CDK9‐mCherry and CRTC2‐eGFP or R>A‐eGFP and treated with DMSO or FSK (10 µ m ) for 1 h (left). The dotted line area indicates the nucleus. Quantification of cells with CDK9‐mCherry foci upon treatment with DMSO or FSK (right). b) Immunofluorescence analysis of co‐condensates of CRTC2‐IDR‐mCherry‐CRY2 with CDK9 or CycT1 in 293T cells before or after blue light stimulation (left). Quantification of cells with CRTC2‐IDR co‐condensates with CDK9 or CycT1 (right). c) Live‐cell imaging of 293T cells co‐expressing CycT1‐CFP, HEXIM1‐RFP, CRTC2‐eGFP, and R>A‐eGFP as indicated. d) Quantification of cells containing CycT1‐CFP foci. e) RNA‐IP assay examining the association between FLAG‐CDK9 and 7SK snRNA in 293T cells co‐expressing HA‐CRTC2 or HA‐R>A and treated with DMSO or FSK. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. **** p < 0.0001. All results are from more than three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Live Cell Imaging, Expressing, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: CRTC2 forms nuclear droplets in cystic epithelial cells. a) Western blot analysis of CRTC2 levels in kidneys from WT and Pkd1 −/− mice ( n = 3). b) Representative immunohistochemistry (IHC) images of CRTC2 in kidneys of WT and Pkd1 −/‐ mice (left). Quantification of the signal intensity of nuclear CRTC2 (right) ( n = 5). Cy, large cyst. c) Representative IF images of CRTC2 in the kidney of WT and Pkd1 −/‐ mice. Cy, large cyst. d) Representative IHC images of CRTC2 in kidneys from healthy people ( n = 5) and ADPKD patients ( n = 19). e) Quantification of the signal density of nuclear CRTC2 of (d). f) Correlation between the signal intensity of nuclear CRTC2 and eGFR in patients with ADPKD. Pearson's correlation coefficients are displayed for each graph. p values for (f) were determined using linear regression analysis. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. *** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05. Scale bar, 20 µm (b–d).

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: Loss of CRTC2 delays cyst formation in an ADPKD mouse model. a) Experimental design of the ADPKD mouse model. b) Representative kidneys from mice at P29 with indicated genotype. ( n = 8 or 9 biologically independent mice per group). c) KW/BW ratios of the indicated groups of mice in the ADPKD model. The number below each bar refers to the number of samples analyzed. d) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of kidney sections from mice at P29 with indicated genotype. ( n = 8 or 9 biologically independent mice per group). e) Cystic index of H&E‐stained kidneys from mice at P29 with indicated genotype. The number below each bar refers to the number of samples analyzed. f) Plasma BUN levels of mice from the indicated groups. The number below each bar refers to the number of samples analyzed. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. **** p < 0.0001. Scale bar, 2 mm (b,d).

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Staining, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: Genome‐wide CRTC2 localization in human ADPKD cells. a) Representative immunofluorescence images of endogenous CRTC2 in WT 9–12 cells. The result is from more than three independent experiments. b) Western blot analysis of whole‐cell lysates from WT 9–12 cells with indicated treatment. The result is from more than three independent experiments. c) Genomic distribution of CRTC2 in WT 9–12 cells. d) Heatmaps of normalized ChIP‐seq signals for CRTC2, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3, H3K27ac. The rows show 3 kb flanking the CRTC2 peak center. e) Boxplots of the normalized counts of H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27ac signals at CRTC2 binding + or − peaks. f) Boxplots of CRTC2, H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27ac reads in the indicated groups. Low: CRTC2 reads < 39; medium: CRTC2 reads 40–70; high: CRTC2 reads > 71. g) ChIP‐seq tracks of CRTC2, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K4me1 on representative genes. h) Motif analysis of CRTC2 peaks. i) GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of CRTC2‐binding genes. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. **** p < 0.0001, ** p < 0.01. Scale bar, 20 µm (a).

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Genome Wide, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, ChIP-sequencing, Binding Assay

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: CRTC2 regulates the expression of cystogenesis‐associated genes in human ADPKD cells. a) Heatmap of gene expression in WT 9–12 cells transfected with sgControl or sgCRTC2. Rows show the Z scores calculated for each group. b) Volcano plots showing differentially expressed genes. c) Gene set enrichment analysis displaying CRTC2‐binding gene set enriched for genes downregulated in sgCRTC2 cells. NES, normalized enrichment score. d) Venn diagram showing the overlap of sgCRTC2 downregulated genes and CRTC2‐binding genes, referred to as CRTC2‐target genes. e) GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of CRTC2‐target genes. f) Heatmap of expression values of genes enriched in the indicated processes. Rows show the Z scores calculated for each group. g) RT‐qPCR analysis of mRNA levels of representative CRTC2‐target genes in kidneys from the indicated mouse groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired Student's two‐sided t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. **** p < 0.0001. These results are from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Transfection, Binding Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: cAMP‐Induced Nuclear Condensation of CRTC2 Promotes Transcription Elongation and Cystogenesis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

doi: 10.1002/advs.202104578

Figure Lengend Snippet: CRTC2 activates cystogenesis‐associated genes by promoting paused Pol II release. a) Immunofluorescence analysis of CRTC2 and CycT1 co‐localization in the kidneys of WT and Pkd1 −/‐ mice ( n = 3). b) Immunofluorescence analysis of CRTC2 and CycT1 co‐localization in WT 9–12 cells (left). Line scan of the dashed line in the merged inset image (right). c) Western blot analysis of CRTC2 expression in WT 9–12 cells transfected with the indicated sgRNAs and constructs. d) Immunofluorescence analysis of ectopically expressed TY1‐CRTC2 and TY1‐CRTC2‐R>A in WT 9–12 cells with endogenous CRTC2 knocked out. e) RT‐qPCR analysis of representative CRTC2‐target genes in WT 9–12 cells transfected with the indicated sgRNAs and constructs. f) Cumulative curve of Pol II pausing index (PI) for CRTC2 target genes in normal and ADPKD kidney tissues. g) ChIP‐qPCR analysis of CycT1, Pol II Ser2P, and Pol II occupancy on LDHA and PLAU genes in WT 9–12 cells with endogenous CRTC2 replaced by TY1‐CRTC2 or TY1‐CRTC2‐R>A mutant. The inset bar graphs indicate the Pol II pausing index for LDHA and PLAU genes, respectively. h) Schematic illustration of how CRTC2 triggers the productive elongation of cystogenesis‐associated genes, ultimately leading to ADPKD progression. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The unpaired two‐sided Student's t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Scale bar, 20 µm (a,b). All results are from more than three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Protein samples were separated by SDS–PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies against CRTC2 (Proteintech, 12497‐1‐AP, dilution 1:1000), CDK9 (Santa Cruz, sc‐13130, dilution 1:1000), HEXIM1 (Proteintech, 15676‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), HA (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724, dilution 1:1000), FLAG (Sigma, A8592, dilution 1:5000), Myc (Cell Signaling Technology, 2278, dilution 1:2000), α ‐tubulin (Proteintech, 11224‐1‐AP, dilution 1:5000), and TY1 (Invitrogen, MA5‐23513, dilution 1:2000).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Expressing, Transfection, Construct, Quantitative RT-PCR, ChIP-qPCR, Mutagenesis

Journal: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Article Title: Mfn2 Regulates High Glucose-Induced MAMs Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Podocytes via PERK Pathway

doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.769213

Figure Lengend Snippet: ER stress-related protein expression and apoptosis in glomeruli from diabetic rats and HG-treated cultured podocytes. (A–G) Representative Western blots of glomerular CHOP, cleaved caspase3, p-PERK, PERK, IRE1α, ATF6β expression and quantification per group (n = 3). * p < 0.05 relative to control. (H–L) Representative Western blots of CHOP, cleaved caspase3, p-PERK, PERK, IRE1α, ATF6β expression in podocytes cultured with different medium and quantitation per group (n = 3). * p < 0.05 compared with podocytes cultured in normal conditions. (M,N) Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis in cultured podocytes and quantitation per group (n = 3). * p < 0.05 compared with podocytes cultured in normal conditions. CTL, control; STZ, streptozotocin; N = 5 mM glucose for 24 h; MA = 5 mM glucose+20 mM mannitol for 24 h; HG1 and HG2 = 25 mM glucose for 24 and 36 h; NS, not significant.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: Mfn2 (ab123773; 1:1,000; Abcam, United Kingdom); cleaved caspase3 (ab32042; 1:1,000; Abcam, United Kingdom); CHOP (sc-7351; 1:500; Santa Cruz, United States); Bcl2 (ab32124; 1:1,000; Abcam, United Kingdom); Bax (60267-1-lg; 1:1,000; Proteintech, United States); IRE1α (#3294; 1:1,000; CST, United States); ATF6β (15794-1-AP; 1:1,000; Proteintech, United States); p-PERK (#3719; 1:1,000; CST, United States); PERK (sc-377400; 1:500; Santa Cruz, United States); Myc-tag (#562; 1:1,000; Medical & Biological Laboratories CO. LTD., Beijing, China); GAPDH (sc-32233; 1:2000; Santa Cruz, United States).

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, Western Blot, Control, Quantitation Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Nervous System: Calcium Homeostasis, BDNF and Synaptic Plasticity

doi: 10.3390/toxics14020178

Figure Lengend Snippet: Role of BDNF in the mechanism of synaptic plasticity impairment. All indicators were detected in neurons from the control and PS-NPs intervention groups. ( A ) Western blot analysis of CREB, BDNF, Cav3.1, and CaMKIIα in neurons, with GAPDH as the loading control. ( B ) Protein expression levels of CREB in the neurons. n = 3. ( C ) Protein expression levels of BDNF in the neurons. n = 3. ( D ) Calcium ion content in the neurons. n = 6. ( E ) Protein expression levels of the calcium channel Cav3.1 in neurons. ( n = 3). ( F ) Protein expression levels of CaMKIIα in neurons. n = 3. (○) represents the individual samples within each group. Quantitative results were normalized, and the data in the bar charts are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01 or *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked for 1 h at room temperature with 5% skim milk (Beyotime, Shanghai, China, P0216-1500 g) and incubated overnight at 4 °C with specific primary antibodies, including Cav3.1 (1:2000, NBP2-59322, Novus, Lone Tree, CO, USA), CaMKIIα (1:2000, 3357S, CST, Danvers, MA, USA), CREB (1:2000, 12208-1-AP, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA), BDNF (1:1000, ab226843, abcam, Cambridge, UK), PSD95 (1:1000, 2507S, CST), SYN (1:2000, 17785-1-AP, Proteintech), ProBDNF (1:1000, 28205-1-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:2000, UM4002, YouKang, Tianjin, China).

Techniques: Control, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Life sciences in space research

Article Title: Comparison of signaling profiles in the low dose range following low and high LET radiation.

doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.02.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Average total fold intensity of phospho-protein signal as compared to median control value. Colored bars (dark blue = 0.5 Gy, light blue = 0.1 Gy and green = 0.05 Gy) indicate values significantly different from controls (yellow). Significance bars are shown for all significant differences between doses and 0 (p ≤0.05). Average fold intensity levels are shown at 2 h post radiation for γH2AX (A), pATF2 (B) and pSMC1 (C). Persistent effects are shown at 24 h for γH2AX (D), pATF2 (E) and pSMC1 (F). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: For staining, 0.5 × 106 fixed cells were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), resuspended in blocking buffer (2% FBS/PBS) and incubated for 1 h with primary antibody on ice, with resuspension of the pellet every 15 min. Primary antibodies used in flow cytometry include mouse monoclonal γH2AXSer139 (1:800 dilution) and pSMC1Ser957 (1:800 dilution) from Millipore (Temecula, CA) and rabbit polyclonal pATF2 Ser490/498 (1:1000 dilution) from Rockland, Inc. (Gilbertsville, PA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Life sciences in space research

Article Title: Comparison of signaling profiles in the low dose range following low and high LET radiation.

doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.02.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Average total fold pATF2 intensity over median control level versus fluence for various radiation qualities. Average fold intensity levels are shown at 2 h post radiation for Si ions (A),Fe ions (C) and Ti ions (E). Persistent effects are shown at 24 h for Si ions (B), Fe ions (D) and Ti ions (F).

Article Snippet: For staining, 0.5 × 106 fixed cells were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), resuspended in blocking buffer (2% FBS/PBS) and incubated for 1 h with primary antibody on ice, with resuspension of the pellet every 15 min. Primary antibodies used in flow cytometry include mouse monoclonal γH2AXSer139 (1:800 dilution) and pSMC1Ser957 (1:800 dilution) from Millipore (Temecula, CA) and rabbit polyclonal pATF2 Ser490/498 (1:1000 dilution) from Rockland, Inc. (Gilbertsville, PA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Life sciences in space research

Article Title: Comparison of signaling profiles in the low dose range following low and high LET radiation.

doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.02.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Average total fold intensity of pATF2 signal intensity divided by fluence and graphed versus LET. Average fold intensity levels are shown at 2 h post radiation for 0.05 Gy (A), 0.1 Gy (B) and 0.5 Gy (C). Persistent effects are shown at 24 h for 0.05 Gy (D), 0.1 Gy (E) and 0.5 Gy (F).

Article Snippet: For staining, 0.5 × 106 fixed cells were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), resuspended in blocking buffer (2% FBS/PBS) and incubated for 1 h with primary antibody on ice, with resuspension of the pellet every 15 min. Primary antibodies used in flow cytometry include mouse monoclonal γH2AXSer139 (1:800 dilution) and pSMC1Ser957 (1:800 dilution) from Millipore (Temecula, CA) and rabbit polyclonal pATF2 Ser490/498 (1:1000 dilution) from Rockland, Inc. (Gilbertsville, PA).

Techniques: